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Appendix D: Coding Scheme

To develop the coding scheme a sample of 15 interviews was selected:

  1. 5 from each monitoring site (Nairobi, Rift Valley and Nyanza)
  2. Sex: 8 females and 7 males
  3. Age ranks 18-25: 2, 26-40: 6, 41-55: 6, 56-70: 1
  4. Type of disability: deaf persons: 4, blind persons: 5, persons with mobility disabilities: 4, persons with intellectual disabilities: 1, persons with other disabilities : 1

The 15 interviews were then analyzed. 56 codes and sub-codes emerged from this analysis, covering 6 main areas or themes, as follows:

  1. Types and incidence of barriers and obstacles experienced in daily life by the interviewees (including negative perceptions of disability, discriminatory attitudes, abuse and violence, poverty, and limited opportunities to participate in social and economic life)
  2. Ways in which barriers and obstacles experienced by interviewees translate into violations of the key principles of human rights (human rights implications)
  3. Ways in which interviewees have dealt with or responded to situations of abuse and discrimination (responses to discrimination)
  4. Reasons why interviewees have not reported situations of abuse and discrimination (reasons for not reporting)
  5. Interviewees’ ideas about the social, economic and political factors in Kenyan society that create or reinforce the discrimination they experience or have experienced in the past on the grounds of their disabilities (systemic roots of discrimination)
  6. Recommendations for future social and political action to prevent discrimination and abuse of people with disabilities

In addition to these 6 areas, 3 themes were created to code interviewee’s comments that alluded to intersections of gender and disability, ethnicity and disability and class and disability. It is likely that, as more interviews get coded, these themes will be expanded and new sub-codes created.

To ensure the reliability of the coding scheme, each of the fifteen interviews was then coded independently by three coders and results compared and discussed. These discussions led to further revisions of the coding scheme that included:

  1. creation of 3 new codes
  2. elimination of 4 codes (by merging previously distinct codes)
  3. changes in codes’ names or expansion of codes’ descriptions to make them more clear and accurate

This process resulted in a revised coding scheme which is presented here.

Codes43

Sex44

  • Female
  • Male

Region

  • Nairobi
  • Rift Valley
  • Nyanza

Age Range

  • 18-25
  • 26-40
  • 41-55
  • 56-70
  • 71+

Type of Disability

  • Mobility
  • Sensory

    • Blind
    • Deaf
  • Intellectual
  • Psychiatric
  • Other

Barriers and Types of Barriers45

Barriers and obstacles experienced by interviewees throughout their lives:

Discriminatory Attitudes: Perceptions, images of disability and attitudes that the interviewee has faced in her/his life that isolate, exclude or discriminate against her/him.

  • ATTFAM: Perceptions, images of disability and attitudes that the interviewee has faced in her/his family that isolate, exclude or discriminate against her/him
    ATTSCHO: Perceptions, images of disability and attitudes that the interviewee has faced in school that isolate, exclude or discriminate against her/him
    ATTWK: Perceptions, images of disability and attitudes that the interviewee has faced in the workplace that isolate, exclude or discriminate against her/him
  • ATTSOC: Perceptions, images of disability and attitudes that the interviewee has faced in the community or in society at large that isolate, exclude or discriminate against her/him
  • ATTGVT: Perceptions, images of disability and attitudes by public authorities that discriminated against the interviewee

Abuse and Violence: situations of abuse and violence that the interviewee has experienced

  • ABFAM: situations of abuse and violence that the interviewee has experienced in the family context
  • ABSCHO: situations of abuse and violence that the interviewee has experienced at school
  • ABWK: situations of abuse and violence that the interviewee has experienced in the workplace
  • ABSOC: situations of abuse and violence that the interviewee has experienced in the community and in society at large
  • ABGVT: situations of abuse and discrimination that the interviewee has experienced in her/his relationship with public authorities

Limited Access: lack of opportunities and barriers encountered by the interviewee in access to diverse contexts and settings

  • ACCPHYS: barriers and obstacles faced in accessing the physical environment (including transportation)
  • ACCCOM: barriers and obstacles faced by the interviewee to communicate with others
  • ACCEDU: barriers and obstacles faced by the interviewee in accessing education
  • ACCWK: barriers and obstacles faced by the interviewee in accessing work
  • ACCGVT: barriers and obstacles faced by the interviewee in accessing public services and authorities

Poverty: economic deprivation experienced by the interviewee

Religion: obstacles, difficulties and negative experiences religion-related

Incidence: frequency with which the interviewee reports experiencing discrimination in her/his life

Positive Experiences46: Positive life experiences reported by the interviewee

  • POSFAM: Positive life experiences in the family context
  • POSCH: Positive life experiences in the school context
  • POSWK: Positive life experiences in the context of work
  • POSOC: Positive life experiences in the community/society
  • POSGVT: Positive life experiences with public authorities/ government
  • POSRELIG: Positive life experiences religion-related

Human Rights Implications47: Life experiences reported by the interviewee as they relate to key human rights principles

Dignity: impact of particular life experiences on interviewees' perceptions of self-worth

  • POS DIGNITY: interviewee reports being respected and valued in her/his experiences and opinions and able to form opinions without fear of physical, psychological and/or emotional harm
  • NEG DIGNITY: interviewee reports feeling disrespected and devalued in her/his experiences and opinions and not able to form opinions without fear of physical, psychological and/or emotional harm in consequence of the disability

Autonomy: ability to make choices and decisions on issues that affect one’s own life (including choosing forms of supported decision-making)

  • Self-Determination: interviewee reports ability to make decisions on issues affecting her/his own life (including choosing forms of supported decision-making)
  • Lack of Autonomy: interviewee reports inability to make decisions on issues affecting own life and/or being forced into situations on the grounds of disability

Equality: having own differences respected and disadvantages addressed and being able to participate fully in equal terms

  • Equality: interviewee reports being respected in her/his differences, having her/his disadvantages addressed and being able to participate fully in equal terms
  • Inequality: interviewee reports a lack of respect for her/his differences, a lack of consideration for her/his disadvantages and not being able to participate on equal terms.

Inclusion: reports of being recognized and valued as an equal participant and having own needs understood as integral to the social and economic order and not identified as special needs

  • Inclusion: interviewee reports being recognized and valued as an equal participant and/or supported in own needs
  • Exclusion: interviewee reports being segregated, isolated and/or not supported in own needs on the grounds of disability

Respect Difference:reports of how society deals with difference

  • Being Respected: interviewee reports being respected regardless her/his differences
  • Being Labeled: interviewee reports being labeled in consequence of disability

Responses to Abuse and Discrimination: ways in which the interviewee responds or has responded in the past to situations of abuse and discrimination

  • Distancing: when the interviewee chooses to avoid or distance her/himself from situations and contexts in which she/he has experienced abuse and discrimination
  • Resistance: when the interviewee chooses to keep returning to and or tries to change situations and contexts in which she/he has experienced abuse and discrimination
  • Report / Legal Action: when the interviewee chooses to report or complain about the situation or context in which she or he has experienced discrimination

Reasons for not Reporting: reasons that the interviewee gives for not having reported situations or contexts in which she/he has experienced discrimination

  • ‘Nothing Would Have Happened’: when the interviewee is convinced that report and legal action would not have had any significant consequences in terms of changing situations and contexts of discrimination, including because she/he does not trust authorities
  • Lack of Access: when the interviewee was prevented from reporting due to lack of access to appropriate administrative and/or legal structures or lack of access to information about how to proceed to make a claim
  • Fear: when the interviewee was prevented from reporting for fear of its consequences
  • Lack of Financial Means: when the interviewee was prevented from reporting due to lack of financial resources
  • Corruption: interviewee did not report because she/he knew or thought that she/he would have to bribe the authorities
  • Self-Blame: interviewee did not report because she/he has internalized feelings of shame and inferiority

Systemic Roots of Discrimination: social, political and economic factors that create the discrimination interviewees experience or have experienced in the past on grounds of their disabilities

  • Economic: when the acts of exclusion and discrimination against people with disabilities are related to the ways in which economic (production) activities are organized and delivered
  • Social: acts of exclusion and discrimination against people with disabilities are related to the ways in which social (reproduction) activities and social relationships operate and are organized
  • Legislative: acts of exclusion and discrimination against people with disabilities are related to the lack of adequate laws or policies to protect their rights and/or to the way existing laws and policies operate

Recommendations: suggestions to improve the situation of people with disabilities in Kenya

  • Raise Awareness : raise awareness and educate society about disability and how to deal with people with disabilities
  • Economic Supports: government supports to improve access to work for people with disabilities
  • Social Supports: government supports to improve the living conditions and income of people with disabilities and their families
  • Representation: improve the participation and representation of people with disabilities in the government
  • Respect: government should show more respect and be considerate of the needs of people with disabilities
  • Legislation: develop and implement new laws and policies to protect the rights of people with disabilities
  • Peer Support: people with disabilities should get together and support each other
  • Gender and DISAB: ways in which gender and disability intersect to compound or protect from discrimination
  • Ethnicity and DISAB: ways in which ethnicity and/or race interacts with disability to compound or protect from discrimination
  • Class and DISAB: ways in which class (being poor or rich) intersects with disability to compound or protect from discrimination

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